Template:Reflist

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This template is used on 2,600,000+ pages, or roughly 211210% of all pages.
To avoid major disruption and server load, any changes should be tested in the template's /sandbox or /testcases subpages, or in your own user subpage. The tested changes can be added to this page in a single edit. Consider discussing changes on the talk page before implementing them.

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Columns are not supported by some older browsers, most notably Internet Explorer 9 and below and Opera 11.0 and below. See below for more information.

This citation template provides formatting and organizational features for footnotes. It encapsulates the <references /> tag used by the Template:Cite.php MediaWiki extension to show the list of references as defined by <ref> tags. It adds support for a reduced font size, columns, groups and Template:Ldr.

Parameters

First unnamed parameter:

column-count: a natural number specifying fixed columns into which the reference list is to be rendered. Example: |2|.

column-width: a typographic unit of measurement such as em, specifying the width for the reference list columns. Example: |30em|.

refs: used with named references (e.g., <ref name=name />); it specifies a list of some or all named references used in the article.
group: identifies by name the subset of references to be rendered; the value should correspond to that used inline, e.g., {{Reflist|group=groupname}} renders all references with groupname as the group name (<ref>).
liststyle: specifies the style used when the reference list is enumerated; if none is specified, the default is to render a numbered list.
close=1: forces the reference list to close and render all references defined to that point; see the section on multiple uses for details.

Usage

**Using only footnote-style references**
Markup	Renders as
Lorem ipsum.<ref>Source name, access date, etc.</ref> Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.<ref>Source name, access date, etc.</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}}	Lorem ipsum.<ref>Source name, access date, etc.</ref> Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.<ref>Source name, access date, etc.</ref> Template:Fake heading <references group="" responsive="1"></references>

**Using only bibliographical style references (no direct references from the text)**
Markup	Renders as
Lorem ipsum. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet. ==References== {{Refbegin}} * reference 1 * reference 2 {{Refend}}	Lorem ipsum. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet. Template:Fake heading Template:Refbegin reference 1 reference 2 Template:Refend

**Using both footnote-style and bibliography-style references**
Markup	Renders as
Lorem ipsum.<ref>Source name, access date, etc.</ref> Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.<ref>Source name, access date, etc.</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Refbegin}} * reference 1 * reference 2 {{Refend}}	Lorem ipsum.<ref>Source name, access date, etc.</ref> Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.<ref>Source name, access date, etc.</ref> Template:Fake heading <references group="" responsive="1"></references> Template:Refbegin reference 1 reference 2 Template:Refend

Columns

Using {{Reflist|2}} will create a two-column reference list, and {{Reflist|3}} will create a three-column list, and so on. Choose the number of columns that is appropriate for the average width of the references on the page.

Using {{Reflist|30em}} will create columns with a minimum width of 30 em, allowing the browser to automatically choose the number of columns based on the width of the web browser. Choose a column width that is appropriate for the average width of the references on the page. A width measurement must conform to the format given in CSS 2.1 Syntax and basic data types: Lengths; in particular, there must not be a space between the number and the unit.

Columns are currently supported by browsers such as Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, Safari, Opera and IE10. See below for more information.

The use of columns can result in widows and orphans, where a citation at the bottom of a column may be split to the top of the next column. There are CSS3 selectors that could resolve this, but they are not yet supported by any major browsers.

Practices

The number of columns to use is up to the editor, but some major practices include:

1 column (default): Where there are only a few Template:Fnote; see Template:Oldid
2 columns specified: Where there are a number of Footnotes; see Template:Oldid
30em: Where there are many footnotes plus a page-width Bibliography subsection: see Template:Oldid
20em: Where Template:Sfnote are used; see Template:Oldid.

Examples

**Two columns**
Markup	Renders as
Lorem ipsum.<ref>Source name, access date, etc.</ref> Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.<ref>Source name, access date, etc.</ref> ==References== {{Reflist\|2}}	Lorem ipsum.<ref>Source name, access date, etc.</ref> Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.<ref>Source name, access date, etc.</ref> Template:Fake heading <references group="" responsive="0"></references>

**30em wide columns**
Markup	Renders as
Lorem ipsum.<ref>Source name, access date, etc.</ref> Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.<ref>Source name, access date, etc.</ref> ==References== {{Reflist\|30em}}	Lorem ipsum.<ref>Source name, access date, etc.</ref> Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.<ref>Source name, access date, etc.</ref> Template:Fake heading <references group="" responsive="0"></references>

List styles

Reference lists are by default numbered lists. By using the |liststyle= parameter, you can control how the list is rendered. For example, using |liststyle=upper-roman will result in items being prefixed with roman numerals instead of decimal numbers. The parameter accepts any valid CSS value defined for list-style-type as shown below.

The citations in the reference list will show the default decimal styling if:

The value for |liststyle= does not exactly match one of the predefined values
The value for |liststyle= is enclosed by quotes
{{Reflist}} is indented with the : markup

Template:CSS list-style-type values

Multiple uses

Further information: HELP:MULTIREF

If {{Reflist}} is used multiple times without a parameter, each instance will include all of the previously defined references. To force the parser to close previous references, each use of {{Reflist}} must be forced as a new instance by the use of any parameter. If no parameter is desired, the convention is to use the undefined parameter {{Reflist|close=1}}.

List-defined references

Further information: Help:List-defined references

A list of references may be defined within {{Reflist}} using the |refs= parameter, just like including named <ref name="...">...</ref> elements inside the <references>...</references> container. This has been available since September 2009. There are new error messages associated with this feature, documented at Help:Cite errors, including one for references defined in {{Reflist}} but not used within the body.

Example

Markup	Renders as
This is reference 1.<ref name="refname1" /> This is reference 2.<ref name="refname2" /> ==References== {{Reflist\|refs= <ref name="refname1">content1</ref> <ref name="refname2">content2</ref> }}

Grouped references

Further information: WP:REFGROUP

As of June 2008, the footnotes system supports the separation of references into groups. This allows groups for explanatory notes, table references and the like.

The general format for the reference tag is:

<ref group="groupname">

And using |group= for the reflist:

{{Reflist|group="groupname"}}

Where groupname is a group identifier such as "notes", "nb" or "label".

There are three pre-defined group names that will automatically cause the link labels and this template to display other characters instead of numbers (see List styles above). These are: "lower-alpha" (a, b, c...), "lower-greek" (α, β, γ...) and "lower-roman" (i, ii, iii...) and must be written without quotes.

The font size should reduce to 90% for most browsers, but may appear to show at 100% for Internet Explorer and possibly other browsers.<ref name=fontsize/> As of December 21, 2010, the standard <references /> tag has the same font styling. The smaller font may be disabled through Template:Myprefs.

Technical details

Browser support for columns

Shortcut: WP:REFCOLS

Template:CSS3 multiple column layout

Multiple columns are generated by using CSS3, which is still in development; thus only browsers that properly support the multi-column property will show multiple columns with {{Reflist}}.<ref name="stuffandnonsense" /><ref name="w3org1" />

These browsers support CSS3 columns:

Gecko-based browsers such as Mozilla Firefox
WebKit-based browsers such as Safari and Google Chrome
Opera from version 11.10 onward
Internet Explorer 10

These browsers do not support CSS3 columns:

Microsoft Trident-based browsers including Internet Explorer through to version 9<ref name=msdn />
Opera through to version 11

Supporting CSS

{{Reflist}} uses a CSS rule in MediaWiki:Common.css to set the font size:

div.reflist { font-size: 90%; }

One of the following classes is assigned by the template when either column count or column width is set:

.references-column-count and .references-column-count-n (where n is the number of columns)
.references-column-width

The following CSS properties are utilized using the {{column-count}} and {{column-width}} templates:

column-count CSS3 standard
column-width CSS3 standard
-moz-column-count Mozilla CSS extension
-moz-column-width Mozilla CSS extension
-webkit-column-count Webkit CSS extension
-webkit-column-width Webkit CSS extension

Customizing the view

Further information: Help:Reference display customization

By editing your CSS, the personal appearance of the reference list can be customized. From Preferences, select the Appearance tab, then on the selected skin select Custom CSS. After editing and saving, follow the instructions at the top of the page to purge. See Wikipedia:Skin#Customisation (advanced users) for more help.

Font size

The font size for all reference lists defaults to 90% of the standard size. To change it, add:

<source lang="css"> ol.references, div.reflist, div.refbegin {

 font-size: 90%;

} </source>

Change 90% to the desired size.

Columns

To disable columns, add:

<source lang="css"> .references-column-count, .references-column-width {

 column-count: 1 !important;
 column-width: auto !important;
 -moz-column-count: 1 !important;
 -moz-column-width: auto !important;
 -webkit-column-count: 1 !important;
 -webkit-column-width: auto !important;

} </source>

Similarly, to force all reference lists to a number of columns, change the number.

Column dividers

To add dividers (rules) between columns, add:

<source lang="css"> .references-column-count, .references-column-width {

 column-rule: 1px solid #aaa;
 -moz-column-rule: 1px solid #aaa;
 -webkit-column-rule: 1px solid #aaa;

} </source>

You can alter the appearance of the dividers by changing the values.

Perennial suggestions

Collapsing and scrolling

There have been a number of requests to add functionality for a collapsible or scrolling reference list. These requests have not been fulfilled to due to issues with readability, accessibility, and printing. The applicable guidelines are at MOS:SCROLL. Links between the inline cite and the reference list do not work when the reference list is enclosed in a collapsed box.

To display the reference list in a scrollbox or collapsed per user, see Help:Reference display customization.

For discussion on previous attempts to do this with a template, see the discussions for Scrollref and Refbox.

Including the section title

There have been suggestions to include section header markup such as ==References==. This is inadvisable because:

There is no standard section name; see WP:FNNR.
When transcluded, the article will have an edit link that will confusingly open the template for editing.

Template data

This is the TemplateData documentation for this template used by VisualEditor and other tools.

Reflist

<TemplateData> {

       "description": "This template displays the list of footnotes at the end of an article and provides additional formatting and organizing options.",
       "params": {
               "1": {
                       "label": "Columns / Column width",
                       "description": "Two modes supported.  First mode: integer number of fixed columns into which the reference list is to be rendered.  Second mode: typographic unit of measurement such as 'em', specifying the width for the reference list columns, e.g. '33em'; note that '33 em' will not be recognized",
                       "type": "string",
                       "default": "1",
                       "required": false
               },
               "liststyle": {
                       "label": "Liststyle",
                       "description": "Specifies the style used when the reference list is enumerated; accepts any valid CSS value defined for list-style-type",
                       "type": "string",
                       "default": "decimal",
                       "required": false
               },
               "close": {
                       "label": "Close",
                       "description": "When set to '1', forces the reference list to close and render all references defined to that point; useful if including more than one Reflist call",
                       "type": "number",
                       "required": false
               }
       }

} </TemplateData>

References

<references group="" responsive="1"><ref name=fontsize>See User:Edokter/fonttest for a comparison of font sizes for various browsers; see previous discussions on changing the font size to resolve the IE issue.</ref>

<ref name=stuffandnonsense>"CSS3 Multi-Column Thriller". December 30, 2005. Retrieved November 24, 2006. </ref>

<ref name=w3org1>"CSS3 module: Multi-column layout". W3C. December 15, 2005. Retrieved November 24, 2006. </ref>

<ref name=msdn>"CSS Compatibility and Internet Explorer: Multi-column Layout". Microsoft Developer Network. Microsoft. Retrieved March 16, 2011.</ref></references>

The above documentation is transcluded from Template:Reflist/doc.
Editors can experiment in this template's sandbox and testcases pages.
Add categories to the /doc subpage. Subpages of this template.

Parameters

Usage

Columns

Practices

Examples

List styles

Multiple uses

List-defined references

Example

Grouped references

Font size

Technical details

Browser support for columns

Supporting CSS

Customizing the view

Perennial suggestions

Template data

See also

References